Summary

This catalogue systematically presents the tactics and techniques of information suppression that were identified over the course of the ARM project. It builds upon four cases studies (China, Russia, Rwanda, and Ethiopia). The catalogue does not claim to be exhaustive, as new techniques are constantly adopted. Rather, its purpose is to present an overview of what we were able to identify, so that it can serve as a reference to researchers and analysts in the field of Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) when they analyse FIMI incidents. It can also be a useful tool for human rights defenders, journalists, or researchers who are trying to identify whether they are targeted by information suppression, as it presents a collection of examples that can serve to support reflections.